Sialochemistry; A Diagnostic Tool
the identification of stomatitis at a pre-clinical stage and enable the chemotherapy dosage to be adjusted or treatment for the stomatitis to be initiated at an early stage.
Radiommunoassay. Monitoring of salivary albumin can assist in the identification of stomatitis at a pre-clinical stage and enable the chemotherapy dosage to be adjusted or treatment for the stomatitis to be initiated at an early stage.
Whole saliva is most frequently used for diagnosis of systemic diseases, since it is readily collected and contains serum constituents derived from local vasculature of salivary glands and reach oral cavity via the flow of gingival fluid. Saliva is increasingly being used as an investigational aid in the diagnosis of systemic diseases that affect the function of the salivary glands and the composition of the saliva, such as Sjögren’s syndrome, alcoholic cirrhosis, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, diabetes mellitus and diseases of the adrenal cortex . As assessed by radioimmunoassay, a glucose tolerance test performed on nine healthy patients produced a positive correlation
between salivary and serum insulin levels .
In addition, the onset and severity of infectious diseases can be determined by monitoring the presence of antibodies to the microorganisms found in saliva. In the past
10 years researchers have demonstrated that saliva tests for anti-bodies to HIV represent a noninvasive alternative to quantification of antibodies in blood for monitoring the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies and disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.21
In disease diagnosis, however, saliva has many advantages over both serum and urine. For example, salivary assays for anti-bodies (to viruses and bacteria), unconjugated steroid hormones (e.g. estrogen, testosterone and progesterone), environmental toxins (e.g., cadmium, lead and mercury), tobacco (cotinine) and certain drugs (ethanol, theophylline and lithium) are sufficiently sensitive to accurately reflect the blood concentrations of these substances22.
Methods for determining salivary gland dysfunction include salivary flow rate measurements (sialometry) and analysis of salivary composition (sialochemistry) analysed by using radioimmunoassay (RIA), for which whole saliva (oral fluid) is most frequently used. The concentration of IgA was somewhat elevated (commensurate with reduced flow rate); the levels of IgG, IgM, and albumin were normal. The major functional abnormality of the parotid gland in Sjögren’s syndrome appears to be luminal transport in the ductal region; leakage of serum components is minimal. Sialochemistry can be helpful in differentiating Sjögren’s disease from other diseases of the salivary
gland and in assessing degree of pathologic change.23
p53 antibody is a tumor suppressor protein which is produced in cells exposed to various types of DNA-damaging stress, can also be detected in the saliva of patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and can thus assist in the early
detection and screening for this tumor. Higher concentrations of salivary defensin-1 were detected in patients with oral SCC in comparison to healthy controls. 24
The activity of CK (creatinine kinase), LDH, ACP (acidic phosphatase), GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase) in saliva from patients with periodontal disease, before & after treatment (experimental Group 30 samples), & in saliva from periodontally healthy patients (20 samples) were studied. The results showed the elevated levels of these enzymes before the treatment in periodontal patients when compared with healthy patients.25
Radiommunoassay. Monitoring of salivary albumin can assist in the identification of stomatitis at a pre-clinical stage and enable the chemotherapy dosage to be adjusted or treatment for the stomatitis to be initiated at an early stage.
Whole saliva is most frequently used for diagnosis of systemic diseases, since it is readily collected and contains serum constituents derived from local vasculature of salivary glands and reach oral cavity via the flow of gingival fluid. Saliva is increasingly being used as an investigational aid in the diagnosis of systemic diseases that affect the function of the salivary glands and the composition of the saliva, such as Sjögren’s syndrome, alcoholic cirrhosis, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, diabetes mellitus and diseases of the adrenal cortex . As assessed by radioimmunoassay, a glucose tolerance test performed on nine healthy patients produced a positive correlationbetween salivary and serum insulin levels .
10 years researchers have demonstrated that saliva tests for anti-bodies to HIV represent a noninvasive alternative to quantification of antibodies in blood for monitoring the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies and disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.21
In disease diagnosis,